La Cumbre de las Américas y la gestión del Pacto de Migración y Desarrollo: ¿viable?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/pgc9.18-3Palabras clave:
Cumbre de las Américas, gobernanza, migración, políticas públicasResumen
El presente artículo analiza la importancia y aportes de la Novena Cumbre de las Américas –en adelante Cumbre- efectuada en la ciudad de Los Ángeles, CA del 6 al 10 de junio 2022 y su impacto en una agenda para una mejor gestión de la migración y del desarrollo en un contexto de pos pandemia. También, la reflexión del trabajo está encaminada a evaluar la viabilidad de la implementación del pacto migratorio suscrito en la Cumbre con base en el enfoque de políticas públicas. La metodología del artículo está fundamentada con base en un análisis de la viabilidad de las políticas, considerando los enfoques de gobernanza y de políticas públicas. El análisis parte de los principales elementos que considera la viabilidad de una política, en especial la dimensión financiera, la gestión y las categorías centrales de la gobernanza para resultados, en particular, la coordinación, incentivos, planificación y evaluación de políticas. Los efectos de los flujos migratorios durante la pandemia también han sido complejos y variados. Por ejemplo, el cierre de fronteras y la suspensión de los trámites de asilo en Estados Unidos han contribuido a frenar la propagación del virus y a reducir los riesgos asociados a la migración irregular.
Descargas
Métricas
Citas
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). “The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation”. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369
Adams, R. H., & Page, J. (2005). “Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries?” World Development, 33(10), 1645-1669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.004
Alburquerque, F. (2003). Theory and practice of the local development approach. Instituto de Economía y Geografía. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 1-24.
Alvarez, S. (2018). Central American Caravan: Fleeing Poverty and Violence. Council on Hemispheric Affairs.
Azcarate, A. (2022). "Marina del Pilar participates in Binational Forum with Ambassador Ken Salazar and Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard". In The Baja Post https://thebajapost.com/2022/05/12/participa-marina-del-pilar-en-foro-binacional-con-el-embajador-ken-salazar-y-el-canciller-marcelo-ebrard/
Barragan, J. and Svitek, P. (2022). "Operation Lone Star. Gov. Greg Abbott empowers state authorities to return migrants to border crossings". In The Texas Tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/2022/07/07/texas-greg-abbott-state-police-border/
Bauregard, L. P. and Lambertucci, C. (2022). "Texas governor loosens pressure on the chaos he created on the border with Mexico". In El País.
https://elpais.com/mexico/2022-04-14/el-gobernador-de-texas-afloja-la-presion-en- el-caos-que-creo-en-la-frontera-con-mexico.html
Bergeron, S. (2014). “Aiding and abetting: Project aid and ethnic politics in Kenya”. World Development, 64, 194-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.027
Bhatia, M., & Cortés, K. (2020). Migration and COVID-19: Building Inclusive Societies. United Nations Development Programme.
Biden, J. R. (2021). Statement by President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. on the Ninth Summit of the Americas. The White House.
Biekart, K., & Fowler, A. (2013). “Transforming activism: International and national civic engagement for human rights”. In Handbook of international relations and global justice (pp. 181-202). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Blofield, M., Knaul, F. M., Calderón-Anyosa, R., Peterman, A., Franzoni, J. M., O'Donnell, M., & Bustreo, F. (2022). A diagonal and social protection plus approach to meet the challenges of the COVID-19 syndemic: cash transfers and intimate partner violence interventions in Latin America. The Lancet Global Health, 10(1), e148-e153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00444-7
Boiser, S., (2005). Is there room for local development in globalisation? CEPAL Review 86 https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/11068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/811a95d3-en
ECLAC (2019). Diagnosis, Areas of Opportunity and ECLAC Recommendations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Castillo, M. A. (2014). “Violence and drug trafficking in Central America's Northern Triangle: The effects on the United States and the region”. Global Security Studies, 5(3), 60-74.
Castles, S., de Haas, H., & Miller, M. J. (2014). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan.
Chami, R., Fullenkamp, C., & Jahjah, S. (2008). “Are immigrant remittance flows a source of capital for development?” In Global Development Finance 2003: Striving for Stability in Development Finance (Vol. 1, pp. 157-185). World Bank. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.880292
Clemens, M. A. (2014). Does development reduce migration? In International Handbook on Migration and Economic Development (pp. 152-185). Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782548072.00010
Clemens, M. A., & Postel, H. M. (2018). Deterring emigration with foreign aid: An overview of evidence from low-income countries. Center for Global Development, Policy Paper 119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12184
Congressional Research Service (2022). 2022 Summit of the Americas. Report IN11934. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11934
Correa-Cabrera, G., & Schaefer, K. (2022). Notes on a Perilous Journey to the United States: Irregular Migration, Trafficking in Persons, and Organized Crime. Latin American Politics and Society, 1-19. doi:10.1017/lap.2022.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2022.15
Cruz, J. M. (2015). “State and criminal violence in Central America's Northern Triangle”. In InSight Crime and the Center for Latin American & Latino Studies, American University.
Custom Border Protection (2022). Southwest Land Border Encounters (By Component).
https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounters-by-component
Custom Border Protection (2021). Southwest Land Border Encounters (By Component)
https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounters-by-component
De Bolle, M. (2022). Latin America's unstable politics dim hopes for economic growth. In Peterson Institute for International Economics.
De Haas, H. (2010). “Migration and development: a theoretical perspective”. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x
De Haas, H., Czaika, M., Flahaux, M. L., Mahendra, E., Natter, K., Vezzoli, S., & Villares-Varela, M. (2019). International migration: Trends, determinants, and policy effects. Population and Development Review, 45(4), 885-922. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12291
Díaz Barrado, C. M. (2019). The Summit of the Americas: a space for cooperation with hardly any normative projection. In Revista Española de Derecho Internacional, LXXI, 1 63-88. Madrid: Marcial Pons Ediciones Jurídicas y Sociales. http://digital.casalini.it/4471509
Dodds, F. (2002). The context: multi-stakeholder processes and global governance.
Falcao, H. and Marini, C. (2010). A Guide to Governance for Results in Public Administration. Brasilia, Publix Institute.
Funk, R. K., & Mason, T. D. (2017). “Pathways to development in the Northern Triangle of Central America”. Latin American Policy, 8(1), 25-47.
Galán, E. C. D. (2021). International Security and the Summit of the Americas: A Legal Analysis. Aequitas Journal: Studies in History, Law and Institutions, (17), 467- 518.
Gratius, S. (2022). EU-LAC: a relationship beyond trade: Political dialogues between unequal partners. In Latin America-European Union relations in the twenty-first century (pp. 24-43). Manchester University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136503.00008
Gonzalez-Barrera, A., & Krogstad, J. M. (2018). What we know about illegal immigration from Mexico. Pew Research Center.
González, R. (2018). The Central American Migrant Caravan: A Humanitarian Crisis. Wilson Center.
Grabska, K., & Piper, N. (Eds.). (2015). South-South educational migration, humanitarianism and development: Views from the Caribbean, North Africa and the Middle East. Routledge.
Humphries, R. (2021). “Violence, vulnerability and migration: Tracing the humanitarian-security nexus in US migration policy on Central America”. International Migration, 59(1), 50-64.
International Organization for Migration (IOM), (n.d.). Migration, Sustainable Development and the 2030 Agenda.
https://www.iom.int/es/migracion-desarrollo-sostenible-y-la-agenda-2030
Jurado-Graham, E. (2022). Stay in Mexico, Biden v. Texas, and Title 42: Learn about the relationship between these 3 issues and how they impact immigrants. Jurado Graham Immigration Attorneys.
https://juradograham.com/quedate-en-mexico-biden-vs-texas-titulo-42/
Long, C., & Martínez, D. E. (2019). The Trump administration's "Remain in Mexico" program: Out of sight, out of mind, and out of court. Human Rights Watch.
Mainwaring, Ċ., & Brigden, N. K. (2016). “Beyond the border: Clandestine migration journeys”. Geopolitics, 21(2), 243-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1165575
Mainwaring, C., & Brigida, A. (2016). “Criminal violence as a structural driver of Mexican migration: New evidence from the Northern Triangle”. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 4(4), 193-208.
Martin, P. L., & Taylor, J. E. (1996). “The anatomy of a migration hump. In Development strategy, employment, and migration” (pp. 43-62). OECD Publishing.
Mansuri, G., & Rao, V. (2013). Localizing development: Does participation work? The World Bank. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8256-1
Mejia, R., Hotez, P., & Bottazzi, M. E. (2020). Global COVID-19 efforts as the platform to achieving the sustainable development goals. Current tropical medicine reports, 7(4), 99-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00209-y
Menjívar, C., Gómez Cervantes, A., & Kanstroom, D. (2018). “The expansion of “crimmigration,” mass detention, and deportation”. Sociology Compass, 12(4), e12573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12573
Mexico Institute. (2022). A Conversation with Ambassador Ken Salazar. In Woodrow Wilson Center.
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/conversation-ambassador-ken-salazar
Meyer, M. A., & Seelke, C. R. (2020). U.S. strategy for engagement in Central America: Policy issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service.
Morea, J. P. (2020). Post COVID-19 pandemic scenarios in an unequal world challenge for sustainable development in Latin America. World, 2(1), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/world2010001
Morgenfeld, L., & Merino, G. E. (2022). Biden, la disputa global y la Cumbre de las Américas de Los Angeles: Biden, the Global Dispute and the Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles. Cuadernos de Nuestra América, (04), 86-103.
Moss, A. H. (1994). Introduction: The Summit of the Americas, 1994. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 36(3), i-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002219370000345X
Müller, R., Drouin, N., & Sankaran, S. (2020). Governance of organizational project management and megaprojects using the viable project governance model. Handbook of Systems Sciences, 1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0370-8_14-1
Oglesby, E. J., McNeely, C. L., & Christman, Z. (2020). “USAID funding for Central America and the Plan of the Alliance for Prosperity: Business as usual?” Latin American Policy, 11(2), 234-253.
Pijnenburg, A., Gammeltoft-Hansen, T., & Rijken, C. (2018). Controlling migration through international cooperation. European Journal of Migration and Law, 20(4), 365-371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340034
Pike, J. (2021). Central American Migration: Root Causes and U.S. Policy. Congressional Research Service.
Préstamo, M. (2022). Declarations or solutions? Los resultados de la IX Cumbre de las Américas. In Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales. https://www.france24.com/es/programas/el-debate/20220614-declaraciones- soluciones-resultados-cumbre-am%C3%A9ricas
Ramos, J. M. (2022). Summit of the Americas, borders and infrastructure. In North America for Mexicans. Retrieved from: https://norteamerica.mx/cumbre-de-las-americas-fronteras-e-infraestructura/
Robinson, W. I., & Harris, J. (2018). Towards a Global Left? New Left Review, 111, 5-36.
Rodríguez, O., Zamudio, I., Guevara, A. and Abad, C. (2022). Albañiles, estudiantes y adolescentes: los migrantes que viajaban en tráiler abandonado en Texas. In Milenio. https://www.milenio.com/internacional/migrantes-muertos- en-texas-nombres-de-quienes-estuvieron-en-trailer
Rojas, M. (2013). “Organized crime and violence in Central America's Northern Triangle: The view from Guatemala”. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Santos, A. (2022). Effective and Reciprocal Labor Enforcement Should Be a Priority for an Inclusive USMCA and North America. In STRENGTHENING NORTH AMERICAN TIES - A Must for Competitiveness.
Sarquis, Y. and Serrallonga, R. (2022). Access Alert | The Summit of the Americas 2022: A Tech Policy Brief. In Mexican Council on International Affairs. https://accesspartnership.com/access-alert-the-summit-of-the-americas-2022-a-tech-policy-brief/?utm_content=211517330&utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkedin&hss_ channel=lcp-472410
Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. (2022). México y EE. UU. anuncian modernización de puertos de entrada en frontera binacional para impulsar crecimiento económico. Comunicado No. 183| 12 de mayo de 2022 | Comunicado https://www.gob.mx/sre/prensa/mexico-y-ee-uu-anuncian-modernizacion-de- puertos-de-entrada-en-frontera-binacional-para-impulsar-crecimiento- economico?state=published
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
Shifter, M. (2019). A Regional Approach to Central America's Migration Challenge. Inter-American Dialogue.
Scholten, P. (2020). A Governance Perspective on the Complexification of Migration and Diversity. In Mainstreaming versus Alienation (pp. 27-46). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42238-7_2
Schillemans, T., & Bovens, M. (2019). Governance, accountability and the role of public sector boards. Policy & Politics, 47(1), 187-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557318X15296526490810
Siskin, A., & Kandel, W. (2021). The Migrant Protection Protocols: An overview and recent issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service.
Slack, J., Martínez, D. E., & Whiteford, S. (2020). “The U.S. asylum system in crisis: Charting a way forward”. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 8(3), 184-196.
Slack, J., Martinez, D. E., Whiteford, S., & Peiffer-Smadja, N. (2016). “The geography of border militarization: Violence, death and health in Mexico and the United States”. Journal of Latin American Geography, 15(1), 7-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/lag.2016.0009
Sousa, L. D. & García-Suaza, A. (2018). Remittances and labor supply in the Northern Triangle. Poverty & Equity Global Practice Working Paper 172. World Bank Group. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8597
Stroheker, K. (2015). Truck of corpses, new shipwreck intensifies Europe's migrant crisis. In Reuters. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-grants-eu-austria-idUSKCN0QW19H20150827
The White House. (2021). Re-Launching the U.S.-Mexico High-Level Economic Dialogue (HLED). September 09, 2021 - Statements and Releases. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/09/re-launching-the-u-s-mexico-high-level-economic-dialogue-hled/?utm_source=link
The White House. (2022). Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection US Government and Foreign Partner Measures. Washington, D. C ,10 June.
The White House. (2022). The Biden-Harris Administration Announces Steps to Respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Improve Health Systems and Health Security in the Americas. Washington, D. C., 8 June.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2012. North American Animal and Pandemic Influenza Plan (NAPAPI). https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/international/Documents/napapi.pdf
U.S. Department of State (2022). Joint Statement on Cooperation between Canada, Mexico and the United States, Washington, D. C ,10 June.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Order suspending the right to introduce certain persons from countries where a quarantinable communicable disease exists: Order under sections 362 & 365 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 265, 268). https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/108110
Vázquez, B. (2009). Desarrollo local, una estrategia para tiempos de crisis. Revista Apuntes del CENES, vol. XXVIII, núm. 47, June, 2009, pp. 117-132 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Boyacá, Colombia.
Vázquez Godina, J. M. (2019). Diplomatic relations of Mexico with the United States and Latin America in the first decades of the 21st century. Política, Globalidad Y Ciudadanía, 4(7), 55. https://doi.org/10.29105/pgc4.7-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29105/pgc4.7-4
Winters, N. (2018). “Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color”. In Women, gender, and human rights (pp. 183-206). Routledge.
Yang, D. (2011). “Migrant remittances”. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3), 129-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.3.129
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 José María Ramos García, Carlos Barrachina Lisón
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional.